Unfortunately, there doesn’t seem to be any scientific consensus on this issue. Here’s an article from the Paula’s Choice brand which states that you don’t have to wait at all: Waiting Between Product Applications. The PC brand is one I trust because they are more research-focused and science-based than most other brands. There are others, however, that say you should wait at least 20 to 30 minutes, based on anecdotal evidence and theories on how hydroxy acids work. I go for a kind of in-between: After I apply a treatment product, such as an exfoliant or retinol, I wait a few minutes while I floss or brush my teeth.
I hope the Beauty Brains can shed some more light on this controversial topic.